A Brief History of Aircraft Carriers

An aircraft carrier acts as a seagoing airbase. The aircraft carrier was designed for one thing; it was designed for deploying and recovering aircrafts. It allows the navy to go great distances and not have to rely on local bases to for staging aircraft missions.

Aircrafts have come a long way when they first started to use them they were used to deploy balloons. Now they are nuclear warships that are able to carry dozens of fixed and rotary wing aircraft.

In the article we are going to discuss how the aircrafts have evolved. From the first aircraft to the strong ones they are today. The first ships that deployed a manned aircraft were the balloon carriers. They were used during the nineteenth and early twentieth century. During this time it was mainly used for just observation.

The development of flat top vessels produced the first large fleet ships. During World War II was when the need for the these type of ships. There were ships that were built just for WWII. For example one of them was the Escort aircraft carriers and the USS Bogue. Some of these ships were built just for carriers, but most were just converted. They were converted from merchant ships as a stop -gap measure so that they could provide air support for the convoys and amphibious invasions.

There were light aircraft carriers it was a larger more militarized version of the escort carrier. The light aircrafts had a great advantage to the escort carriers they could carry the same size air groups and they were also able to move at a higher speed.

There were Merchant carriers these could launch but they could not for retrieve fighter aircraft from an attack. The merchant carrier was used as an emergency measure during the World War II. There were other emergency methods that was used which was they used cargo carrying merchant ships with flight decks.

The modern Navy now uses the aircraft carriers as the "capital ship" of the fleet. When before the battleship was considered the "capital ship". Having the ability to have such great power in the air is a great tool to have during the time of war. This became really popular during WWII. Most of the aircraft carriers are powered by nuclear reactors and form the core of a fleet designed to operate far from home.

Since then the aircraft carriers have only gotten bigger and stronger. Today there is Supercarriers which can now able to displace seventy five thousand tons or greater.

Navy apparel, Navy clothing

A Place in Florida - Plane Crash Hidden For 47 Years

There's a place in Florida that's so remote that the wreckage of an Army plane that crashed wasn't found for 47 years.

This place in Florida, Apalachicola National Forest, is the state's largest national forest, with 560,000 acres. One of its main claims to fame is that it is home to the world's largest population of red-cockaded woodpeckers. Bears, too. Aligators, yes. And a myriad of other animals you'd expect to find in a remote forest.

It's also the weekend home of many Floridians who love the outdoors. Located a few miles southwest of Tallahassee in Florida's Big Bend area, the forest contains two rivers - the Ochlockonee and the Sopchoppy - that are part of the nation's recreational trails system.

The 31-mile Apalachee Savannahs Scenic Byway is on the forest's western flank, offering scenic views to motorists. And, on foot, it's easy to get lost (and never to be found again) in its two wilderness areas: Bradwell Bay (24,000 acres) and Mud Swamp/New River (8,000 acres). Filled with muddy swamps, Bradwell Bay is regarded as one of the toughest hikes in the U.S.

For the less adventuresome, the forest has many campgrounds offering everything from cleared areas for pitching a tent to parking your RV camper. There's also great fishing. The rivers have 35 boat launches and landings.

The forest is believed to be 12,000 years old, but it has been a national forest only since 1936. Over the last 30 years or so, forest archaeologists have found evidences of the land's various occupants dating from prehistoric times to a half century ago. These include campsites, homesites, turpentine and logging camps, fire towers, cemeteries, cattle dip troughs, sawmills, resorts, towns, sawdust piles, historic roadways, trams, bridges and trash piles.

And one airplane crash.

During World War II, the Apalachicola National Forest was used as a training ground for the Army Air Corps. On March 29, 1943, a plane piloted by Everett R. Edwards disappeared in the forest.

The wreckage of his plane wasn't found until 1990 - on the southeast side of Cow Swamp north of Crawfordville. Edwards died that day in the forest, even though he is believed to have ejected from the plane.

Once the wreckage was found, forest archaeologists and Florida State University students began trying to learn details of the crash. They first found a plate showing the plane's serial number, and that led them to search the plane's historical records.

Here's what they learned:

The plane had crashed on a previous training mission - and had been destroyed. But during the war, to obtain parts for a plane, mechanics had to use parts from another commissioned plane. So they used the serial number from the crashed plane to order enough parts to build a new plane - the plane that Edwards crashed in the Apalachicola National Forest.

What went wrong remains a secret the forest never will reveal.

Copyright (c) 2009 Gene Ingle, an award-winning editor-writer-cartographer, is an expert on places to see in Florida. He has driven nearly a million miles in Florida researching places on maps you probably never heard of. This place in Florida is one of 213 featured in "The Famous Florida Trivia Game" available free at http://www.ebookserendipity.com - Test your knowledge of Florida - free.

Nuclear US Bomb Lost in Ocean

Recently declassified US documents reveal a disturbing and thankfully unequaled incident during the cold war.

Thule Air Base in northerly Greenland has been of great tactical significance to the US ever since it was created in the early 1950s, enabling a radar to survey the skies for missiles approaching from the North Pole. The US government believed the Soviet Union would destroy the base as an opener to a nuclear strike against the US. Persuant to this, the 1960's saw the US undertake the aptly titled 'Chrome Dome' missions in an endeavor to provide a viable deterrent. This deterrent took the form of B52 bombers armed with several nuclear explosive devices routing over the territory being able to navigate immediately to the Russian capital Moscow, to deploy their payload should the Soviet Union strike the base at Thule.

However, the plan did not work out quite as smoothly as they had anticipated.

In late January 1968, one of these missions ended in near disaster when a B52 bomber carrying four nuclear armed explosives caught fire and crashed onto the ice several miles from the Thule base. The pilots recount that a fire was reported in the cockpit which quickly spread to other sections of the plane making a scheduled and safe landing impossible. A few minutes after the fire broke out the two pilots and four crew members took the decision to eject themselves from the stricken aircraft before it crashed into millions of pieces on the ice below.

Following the crash, military personnel, local Greenlanders and Danish workers rushed to clean up the debris and to retrieve the nuclear explosives. Unfortunately, only the US military personnel were aware of the existence of nuclear materials meaning the local islanders were not wearing any protective clothing during the clean up exercise. Upon hitting the ice during the crash, the four nuclear devices detonated but given the bombs were not armed the nuclear triggers did not function and simply broke up along with the rest of the wreckage. Millions of gallons of ice were taken from the crash site from which the US government later confirmed that all the explosives had been 'destroyed'.

This is where the story somewhat darkens. The US sources were technically correct in their statement around the bombs being 'destroyed' however, what was not revealed at the time was that only 3 devices had been accounted for from analysis of the debris. Documents reveal that officials concluded that one of the devices must have become extremely hot during the crash and melted through the ice into the freezing waters below.

A rescue mission was then launched (without the knowledge of the Danish authorities) to recover the missing device. In April 1968 a US submarine was dispatched to the area. The underwater search was beset by technical problems and, as winter encroached and the ice began to freeze over the search was abandoned. The US papers reveal that they held the opinion that if the weight of the US military could not locate the device it would be extremely unlikely that any other country could either and therefore, no further searches for the device were undertaken.

For what of the consequences of leaving a nuclear device sitting in the ocean? The declassified papers reveal that scientists believed the radioactive material would simply dissolve in such a large body of water, making it harmless....

UK Area 51 is a website dedicated to unexplained events and emerging sciences concerning a wide variety of topics. Our aim is to provide rich, diverse and stimulating articles around the issues that face mankind now and in the future. Please visit our main site for many more intriguing articles and to view the original article please visit Lost Nuclear Bomb. You can also contact James Hewson directly at ezine@ukarea51.com

Decisive Turning Points During the Falklands War

Interested In Making Money On The Internet? Find Full Or Part Time, Easy Proven And Successful Methods, At http://www.keys2prosperity.net/

Sovereignty of the Falkland Islands had long been a point of dispute between Britain and Argentina. Events came to a head in 1982, when planned cut-backs to the British Royal Navy convinced Argentina's ruling military junta that Britain no longer had the will or capability to defend the islands. The Falklands War, fought over these remote South Atlantic islands were the result.

Here are 13 decisive points in the conflict.

1. South Georgia (19th March 1982) - A group of Argentines, ostensibly on a scrap metal salvage mission, land on South Georgia and raise the Argentine flag.

2. Operacion Azul (2nd April 1982) - The Argentine navy lands a military force in the Falklands Islands proper, overwhelming the tiny British garrison of Royal Marines.

3. Dispatch of the Task Force (3rd April 1982) - First Sea Lord, Sir Henry Leach, convinces Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher to send a naval task force with the words, "because if we don't do that, in a few months we will be living in a different country whose word will for little!"

4. South Georgia (25th April 1982) - British Special Forces and Royal Marines recapture South Georgia. The Argentine submarine Santa Fe is crippled during the fighting.

5. Operation Black Buck (1st May 1982) - A Royal Air Force Vulcan bombs the Port Stanley airfield runway, denying use of the airfield to Argentine fast jets.

6. General Belgrano (2nd May 1982) - The Argentine cruiser ARA General Belgrano is sank by the Royal Navy nuclear submarine, HMS Conqueror. The Argentine Navy withdraws to port and plays no further part in the war.

7. Sheffield (4th May 1982) - The Argentine airforce sinks the Royal Navy's HMS Sheffield using an Exocet missile. It is the first of many British naval losses to Argentine air attack.

8. Pebble Island (14th to 15th May 1982) - British Special Forces raid the Argentine airbase at Pebble Island, destroying 11 Argentine aircraft.

9. San Carlos (23rd May 1982) - British troops land at San Carlos Water. Although, British ships come under severe Argentine air attack in "bomb alley", the Argentine's are unable to dislodge the British bridgehead.

10. Goose Green (27th to 28th May 1982) - British troops defeat Argentine forces defending the settlement at Goose Green in the first major land battle of the war.

11. Bluff Cove (8th June 1982) - British troops landing from the RFA Sir Galahad and Sir Tristram at Bluff Cove, come under Argentine air attack and suffer horrific casualties. However, even these losses are unable to stop the British advance on the ground.

12. Mount Longdown, Two Sisters and Mount Harriet (11th to 12th June 1982) - British troops capture these three peaks in bitter fighting with Argentine ground forces.

13. Mount Tumbledown and Wireless Ridge (13th to 14th June 1982) - British troops capture these peaks which overlook Port Stanley in the last major land battle of the war. Argentine forces in Port Stanley begin to raise white flags, and a surrender of all Argentine forces in the Falkland Islands is negotiated soon after.

For more information about the Falklands War, please go to: http://www.operationcorporate.com/

For more information about the Vulcan bomber raids during the Falklands War, please go to: http://www.operationblackbuck.com/

Interested In Making Money On The Internet? Find Full Or Part Time, Easy Proven And Successful Methods, At http://www.keys2prosperity.net/

High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire - Home to the RAF

From 1940 to 1946, High Wycombe was the headquarters of the RAF Bomber Command. From 1942 through July 1946 High Wycombe was also home to the U.S. Army Airforce's 8th Air Force Bomber command. While the 8th Air Force is no longer at High Wycombe, since 1968, all RAF commands are based there.

Wycombe Air Park is the current name for Booker Airfield. Wycombe Air Park is on the western edge of town and is one of the busiest general aviation airfields in Britain. The airpark is home to a gliding club and two flying schools. Vintage replica aircraft that were used in the motion pictures, Those Magnificent Men In Their Flying Machines and the Blue Max were built in High Wycombe and flown from the Wycombe Air Park.

During the 19th century High Wycombe was a center of manufacturing. The most noted product of this period was the manufacture of chairs. In 1875 it was estimated that 4,700 chairs were fabricated daily in the furniture factories that were located in the town. As a manufacturing center, social and economic problems arose in the 1960's when manufacturing operations declined.

High Wycombe is currently undergoing an urban renewal process in the town center. The existing shopping center district has undergone extensive renovation and the recently completed Eden shopping center has opened. Buckinghamshire New University has undergone an extensive remodeling and renovation process and has been awarded full university status.

One quirk in High Wycombe is that the mayor is weighed. The mayor undergoes a weigh in on scales that date to the 19th century. When the mayor leaves office he is weighed again to determine if he has gained weight at the expense of the taxpayer.

High Wycombe is no different than any other industrial centered town that has fallen upon hard times when industry declines. However through its extensive urban renewal policies and the creation of new opportunities looks forward to a bright future.

AirForce C.A.P. Emergency Services Search and Rescue And New Radios

C.A.P. Emergency Services exercises are known as SAREX's. The practice involves assembling a gathering of ground teams that coordinate search and rescue with Cap airplane crews. The U.S.A.F. calls Cap for an actual mission usually when an airplane is reported overdue or missing or when an emergency locator transmitter E.L.T. is monitored on an a/c vhf frequency. This activity is rewarding to Cap members who volunteer to help locate missing persons or provide rescue assistance in disasters. We make extensive use of vhf and HF 2 way radios to do the jobs.

Actually I was thinking there might just happen to be some of those here that might have taken part of that training/exercise, out of curiosity. You see I'm a member of the local Amateur Radio Emergency Service (A.R.E.S.) and Radio Amateur Civil Emergency Service (R.A.C.E.S.), I'm also considering becoming part of the Citizen Emergency Response Team (C.E.R.T) and with me being a veteran of the US Air Force also having served as a civilian Police Officer at the Dothan Airport (in Alabama) I have an interest in this.

Well at least I got a dialogue started here now I'll just have to wait and see if there are any Alabama CAP members to join in the discussion. Alabama Cap members to join in the discussion. You'll find that there are many members of A.R.E.S. that are also members of Cap. The Vertex 150 for example (even if being phased out in Cap) can cover all the Cap repeaters as well as the ham repeaters.

Although we still generally call them "SAREXs", most incorporate disaster relief/photo reconnaissance tasks into the scenarios now. I don't pretend to follow C.A.P Communications closely at all, but I recently did see an article saying that every CAP repeater in the country was getting replaced.

The change in repeaters doesn't change my post. But the change to narrow band does. After Oct 2007, all Cap radios must be narrow band, which means the market will be flooded with used personal radios (unless the member is also a ham) The change also means that Cap communications will be severely limited because of the cost of radios that comply with the new standards. Many members can't afford the price of the radios.

Would there be any type of grants available to Cap squadrons to help purchase these new compliant radios? If the individuals are required to purchase their own, then yes with the higher cost it will most likely cut down the number of available radios which in turn could severely limit the missions' capabilities.

Right now in the Amateur world there is some digital technology that is becoming available and it's quite expensive. Once it is more available the price may come down and just in case anyone is wondering what I'm talking about, it's D-STAR.

Cap radios and such, what was/is the reason for changing radios in the first place? Seems like having the H.A.M. radios that can be easily modified for Cap and or M.A.R.S. use would, or should have been the way to continue but then again I guess there are many pros and cons to be considered.

If the new compliant radios are going to be that expensive to which some or many members can not purchase them then how can Cap perform its missions to the high degree it normally does? These question may have already been asked and answered elsewhere in this forum but please entertain me for awhile and let's open up a discussion about those new compliant radios and what the best possible solution may be.

But Cap members aren't required to purchase their own stuff. They may do so if they want extras. National developed plans based on what they thought each unit needed and has been distributing radios based on that plan, including handheld and mobile (vehicle) units.

I think we are probably still somewhat lacking in handheld units for ground teams, however keep in mind that National never really used to issue them at all and those were sort of member/unit purchases. So, things are improving. As to the quality of the radios, I'm not an expert on them, just a user.

I know that Cap has been programming in other frequencies into the radios that might be helpful and at least at the state level there is some movement towards getting Cap radios from the state that will work with local forces. Not sure how widespread that is. Given that a lot of states are still struggling with that issue for their primary response agencies, Cap probably isn't at the top of their agendas.

This process has been going on for almost 10 years so it's something we've been dealing with for a while. Since the A.F. has ponies up a lot of money to buy radios, it has eased a lot of worries that were there at the beginning. Probably a lot of members who did have equipment that met the old standards which is no longer usable probably aren't too happy about it, but realize there is nothing Cap could have done to change things.

Victor Epand is an expert consultant for http://www.WarGear.info. WarGear.info carries the best selection of military clothing, war gear, and combat accessories on the market. Article Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Victor_Epand

At the controls of a lethal military aircraft, gender doesn't matter

Capt. Jammie Jamieson, at Boeing Field on Thursday, was the first female fighter pilot to qualify in the F-22A Raptor. Two F-22s, the nation's newest fighter jet, will be at the McChord Air Show.



As top military fighters descend on Tacoma and Seattle air shows to spotlight their flying skills during the next few weeks, they will be joined by some very talented women.

At McChord Air Force Base, two from the nation's growing group of female fighter pilots will appear this weekend, building on the hard-fought legacy of flying women such as the famed Women Airforce Service Pilots of World War II -- the WASPs.

Maj. Samantha Weeks, 32, a member of the Air Force Thunderbirds aerial demonstration team, will handle the lead solo F-16 Fighting Falcon jet in two Air Expo 2008 performances at McChord Air Force Base this weekend.


Joining Weeks is a Washington native, Air Force Capt. Jammie Jamieson, 30, who serves with the 525th Fighter Squadron at Elmendorf Air Force Base in Alaska. She is the first woman to qualify to fly the nation's newest fighter plane, the F-22A Raptor.

It took 10 months of training after flying F-15Cs for three years in Alaska to transition to the F-22A, said Jamieson, who will be available to chat at McChord this weekend.

Jamieson called the Raptor "a highly lethal, highly survivable tactical aircraft with a much improved human interface and a very sophisticated avionics suite."

She grew up in Prosser and earned a nomination to the Air Force Academy in 1996. She received a degree in aeronautical engineering in 2000, then a graduate degree in public policy from Harvard. She is married to a fighter pilot who teaches at Nellis Air Force Base in Nevada.

Like other women who have begun flying combat missions since restrictions were lifted in 1993, Jamieson sees herself as a fighter pilot and officer in the U.S. armed forces, period.

"Either you can meet the standards and do the job or you cannot. In this life-or-death business, my demographic is irrelevant," Jamieson said.

"The two things that bring me (or any other fighter pilot) safely home from missions every day are my knowledge of the aircraft and my ability to physically execute the necessary tactics -- my gender, race, religion, etc. have nothing to do with it."

Although the WASPs flew in World War II, it wasn't until 1974 that women in the U.S. military could be naval aviators, and Army and Air Force helicopter and jet pilots -- but not combat pilots. The Navy and Army took the first steps. The Air Force lifted its restrictions in 1976.

The first female fatality in a combat zone was Army Maj. Marie T. Rossi, 32, with the 101st Airborne division. Rossi died when her Chinook helicopter crashed Mar. 1, 1991, during the first hours of Desert Storm.


The Air Force now has an estimated 14,000 pilots, including nearly 3,700 fighter pilots and of that, 70 are women.

At McChord, the Thunderbirds' Weeks represents the second woman flying with the group. She succeeds the first military woman ever to fly with any military high-performance demonstration team, Maj. Nicole Malachowski in 2005.

In Seattle, meanwhile, the Navy's precision flying team, the Blue Angels, is expected for its annual performance at Seafair Aug. 2 and 3.

When Jamieson watches either demonstration team, "I don't think about who is in the cockpit of each plane, I just assess their performance -- and feel thankful that I don't have to fly that close to the ground on a daily basis!" she said.

Flying high-performance aircraft is physically and mentally demanding.

"Particularly in the high G-force world of air-to-air dogfighting," Jamieson said. "Every fighter pilot must pass a high-G-force screening riding in a centrifuge before ever touching an actual fighter aircraft."

There's ground work, too, successfully completing recurring combat survival and evasion training.

What does it take to be a fighter pilot? In addition to being medically qualified mentally competent and physically capable, Jamieson's short answer for kids is:

"You basically need to work hard, get a college education and a military commission, be mentally and physically prepared, and excel at actually flying."